HPV stands for human papillomavirus. It is a large family of nearly 200 different viruses, about 40 of which are sexually transmitted. They are divided into two categories: low cancer risk types (some cause condylomata) and high cancer risk types (some cause cervical lesions).
What is HPV?
Most sexually active people will get HPV at some point in their lives. It is possible to have multiple infections with different HPV types or to become reinfected.
- Low cancer risk types
- High cancer risk types
Why get tested?
A person who has had unprotected sex should consult a healthcare professional who will assess the need for screening.
If a person has abnormal vaginal bleeding or thinks they have condylomata, they should consult a healthcare professional.
A person with HPV can then avoid transmitting it to others and prevent complications.
In Canada, screening for human papillomavirus (HPV) is done only as part of cervical cancer screening (PAP test).
Signs and symptoms
Most people with HPV do not experience any symptoms.
-
Low cancer risk types (some cause condylomata)
Small flesh-colored bumps resembling warts may appear on the genitals, around the anus, or more rarely in the mouth or throat.
They appear 1 to 8 months after contact with an infected person.
They are usually painless, but can sometimes cause itching, irritation, or bleeding.
They may disappear on their own, but can also reappear randomly.
-
High cancer risk types (some cause cervical lesions)
Some women may develop cervical lesions, meaning abnormal cells. Irregular vaginal bleeding may occur, especially during intercourse. In some women, these lesions may progress to cancer.
Window or incubation period
Approximately 1 to 8 monthsSome people may never show symptoms but may develop symptoms years or even decades later.
Transmission
HPV is transmitted in different ways:
- Oral sex
- Vaginal intercourse
- Anal intercourse
- Genital contact
- Sharing sex toys
- Mother-to-baby transmission (rare)
Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HPV.
It is essential to wear a condom during all genital contact and during all oral, vaginal, or anal sex.
It is also recommended to use a dental dam (latex square) to cover the vulva or anus during oral sex.
Women aged 21 to 65 should have a PAP test every 2 years.
Possible complications
If HPV is not treated, it can lead to the following problems:
Low cancer risk types:
- Laryngeal or respiratory condylomata (rare)
High cancer risk types:
- Vulvar, cervical, or penile cancer
- Anal, oral, or throat lesions that may progress to cancer
- Increased risk of HIV infection
- Anal, oral, or throat cancer
HPV treatment
The immune system usually clears viral infections within a few months.
-
For condylomata:
- Creams or solutions to apply to condylomata
- Liquid nitrogen treatment (cryotherapy)
- Laser treatment
-
For cervical lesions:
- Laser vaporization
- Various surgeries
TonTest, at your pace
Start an online consultation
Fill out the online questionnaire at your convenience and our team of professionals will guide you through each step.